30 November 2012 Last updated at 00:04Bend me, shape me - flexible phones 'out by 2013'
By Katia Moskvitch Technology reporter, BBC NewsSamsung's new phones use OLED technology, but the firm is also looking into graphene
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Imagine treating your phone like a piece of paper.
Roll it up. Drop it. Squish it in your backpack. Step on it - without any damage.
Researchers are working on just such handsets - razor-thin, paper-like and bendable.
There have already been prototypes, attracting crowds at gadget shows.
But rumours abound that next year will see the launch of the first bendy phone. Numerous companies are working on the technology - LG, Philips, Sharp, Sony and Nokia among them - although reports suggest that South Korean phone manufacturer Samsung will be the first to deliver.
Morph is one of the bendable prototypes Nokia has been working on
Samsung favours smartphones with so-called flexible OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) technology, and is confident that they will be "very popular among consumers worldwide".
Their screens will be "foldable, rollable, wearable and more, [and] will allow for a high degree of durability through their use of a plastic substrate that is thinner, lighter and more flexible than… conventional LCD technology," says a Samsung spokesperson.
Paperless world
Are bendy phones the future?
There are other technologies that could make your smartphone bendy. After all, the concept - creating flexible electronics and assembling them on equally flexible plastic - has been touted since the 1960s, when the first flexible solar cell arrays appeared.
In 2005, Philips demonstrated the first prototype of a rollable display.
Continue reading the main storyDifferent display technologies
- LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): consumes a lot of energy, as every pixel on the screen is illuminated by a backlight.
- OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode): each diode is its own light source, switched on when it receives an electric signal. Devices can be slimmer than LCD, better at reproducing colour, use less power, and flexible.
- E-ink: reflects ambient light from the surface of the display back to your eyes. It has longer battery life than other displays, but is usually black and white. It could be made in colour by placing a filter with red, green and blue tints on top of the original black-and-white display, but the colour is less bright than on OLED and LCD screens.
And it may not have been obvious, but a couple of years later, flexible technology hit the mainstream.
Amazon's first Kindle e-reader used a plastic non-rigid screen - known as an optical frontplane - to display its images. The only problem was that the components beneath it required the device to be stiff.
Like many of the e-book readers that followed, it used e-ink - an innovation developed by a US company of the same name.
The screens are black and white, and work by reflecting natural light instead of glowing themselves, mimicking the way text looks in paper books.
"There are about 30 million flexible e-ink displays in the field today - the oldest working ones are from 2006," says Sri Peruvemba of E-Ink.
Plastic Logic designs displays using E-Ink's technology and its own
"They [are] well-suited for simple phones, memory and battery indicators, smart credit cards, wristwatches, and signs."
But why are most e-ink displays hidden behind a rigid glass screen and not made bendy?
One reason is cost, says Abhigyan Sengupta, an analyst with consultancy firm MarketsAndMarkets, which recently published a global study on flexible displays.
To have a fully flexible finished product, both parts of the display have to be flexible - the optical frontplane and the backplane, where transistors are - as well as the device's battery, the outer shell, the touchscreen and other components.
Although Mr Peruvemba says his firm has started manufacturing displays with flexible backplanes in-house, its many partners are also busy researching ways to make electronic paper as flexible as the real thing.
This prototype was developed by Japanese company NEC
Among them is South Korean firm LG Displays, which has just begun mass-producing fully flexible e-ink screens.
"They could prove a terrific benefit for handsets, where damage from drops is common," says an LG spokeswoman. "Their light weight and thinness should provide huge potential to the future of handset design development."
Another company working with E-Ink is UK firm Plastic Logic.
South Korean firm LG Displays has recently started mass-producing e-ink flexible displays
It uses the US firm's optical frontplane but adds on its own backplane made out of non-rigid plastics, and then sells the part to device-makers.
Last May, Plastic Logic demonstrated a paper-like flexible screen capable of playing video in colour, which is achieved by placing a filter on top of the original black-and-white display.
But the colours are not as bright as on other types of screens, and the company's research manager Michael Banach acknowledges the technology at the moment is most likely to be used as a back-up screen which kicks in when batteries run low, rather than the main display.
'Wonder material'So other researchers are taking a different approach.
Clad in blue lab overalls, Prof Andrea Ferrari from Cambridge University works on future bendy displays using graphene.
The material was first produced in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, two Russian-born scientists at the University of Manchester.
Graphene is a sheet of carbon just one atom thick - yet it is stronger than diamond, transparent, lightweight, has great conducting properties - and is flexible.
Researchers believe that graphene may in future replace silicon and revolutionise electronics as we know it.
Prof Andrea Ferrari (left) works with graphene at Cambridge University
"We are working on flexible, bendable and transparent displays and surfaces that could in future be part of flexible phones, tablets, TVs and solar cells," says Prof Ferrari, who is working with Finnish phonemaker Nokia.
"Samsung is really quite advanced in this field, but we here in Cambridge have done some great work on Nokia's prototypes as well."
He says that graphene will complement and highly enhance the performance of OLED-type flexible phones, because in theory, even a handset's flexible battery can be made out of this material.
Whatever the technology, it seems certain that very soon our phones will be not just smart, but bendy too.
Some years ago, looking into the future, there were suggestions that perhaps one day we would be able to receive our daily newspapers on a flexible digital format. Literally like having blank newsprint, and downloading the content.
Stepping into the future!
