The landing of the $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory and nuclear-powered robot Curiosity late Sunday opened a new chapter in the history of interplanetary exploration by touching down on the Red Planet.
The one-ton mobile lab is the largest rover ever sent to Mars, and its high-speed landing was the most daring to date, using a rocket-powered sky crane to lower the six-wheeled vehicle gently to the Martian surface.
Numerous images of the car-sized rover and its alien surroundings have come back to Nasa since the landing occurred at 10:32 pm Sunday on the US West Coast (0532 GMT Monday).
New images of the rover's descent, taken from the vehicle itself, were shown on Nasa television, strung together in a video that depicted the spacecraft's heat shield deploying and dust kicked up before the rover landed wheels down.
Other black and white images show the rover's shadow and Mount Sharp in the distance, a mountain it aims to conquer as part of its two-year mission to explore Mars and analyze sediment layers that are up to a billion years old.
The images so far tend to be small, but high-resolution images are expected in the next couple of weeks.
"The spacecraft is oriented northwest-southeast, pointing forward toward Mount Sharp," said project scientist John Grotzinger. "This couldn't have been a better position to land in." However, Grotzinger said it may be a year before the rover arrives at the mountain in the centre of the planet's Gale Crater, as scientists first take a close look at soil and rock samples inside the crater.
"We would never want to just drive across the dunes as the shortest way to go there," he said.
According to Nasa chief engineer Miguel San Martin, the rover touched down inside the planned landing ellipse that spanned 12 by four miles (20 by six kilometers) at the foot of the mountain.
Further data in the coming days will give scientists a better idea of exactly where the rover landed.
Initial checks on the instruments on board have also come back positive, Nasa said.
When the landing was announced after a tense, seven-minute entry, descent and landing, Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory filled with jubilation as the mission team cheered and exchanged Mars chocolate bars.
President Barack Obama described the landing as "an unprecedented feat of technology that will stand as a point of national pride far into the future." Success had been anything but certain. Nasa's more recent rover drop-offs involved smaller craft that were cushioned with the help of airbags.
In the final moments, the MSL craft accelerated with the pull of gravity as it neared Mars's atmosphere, made a fiery entry at 13,200 miles per hour and then slowed with the help of a supersonic parachute.
An elaborate sky crane powered by rocket blasters then kicked in, and the rover was lowered down by nylon tethers, landing upright on all six wheels.
Engineer Adam Steltzner, leader of the entry, descent and landing team, who had previously admitted the landing bid appeared "crazy," said that in the end, it "looked extremely clean." Scientists do not expect Curiosity to find aliens or living creatures but they hope to use it to analyze soil and rocks for signs the building blocks of life are present and may have supported life in the past.
The project also aims to study the Martian environment to prepare for a possible human mission there in the coming years.
Obama has vowed to send humans to the planet by 2030.
The spacecraft has already collected data on radiation during its eight-and-a-half-month journey following launch in November 2011 from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Previous attempts by space agencies since 1960 have seen a near 40% success rate in sending landers, orbiters or other spacecraft to Mars.
We think it would be great to have more information on the actual technological achievement this landing represents. To change the approach from the bouncing cushion type landings to landing suspended beneath another part of the machine and lowered onto the surface of mars is a pretty stunning risk, and it worked! But to pursue this, really practical? For example, we have been to the moon in 1969, we are not able to change the atmosphere, there is no space station on the moon, nothing growing that we have left there, 1/6 the gravity of earth, so tough to survive long term without damage to the astronauts. There have been shows on the tv that have demonstrated that there are great mineral deposits that would be extremely valuable on earth, even justifying the cost of transportation. But wherey are there not a dozen Nasa type organizations trying to achieve this? Nine months to get to Mars, we believe, and therefore, nine months on the return journey. It is basically a geographic exploration. The scale of what they are trying to accomplish is very large, and needs much more energy put into the project to produce something tangible. 2030 + we are hearing to put someone up there. It is quite a while away.
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